Figure 2

The pathways for utilizing fatty acids, showing the target reactions of the 3-nitropropionate (3-NP) inhibitor. The fatty acid pathways include the tricarboxylic acid cycle marked by the solid line (oxaloacetate → isocitrate → α-ketoglutarate → succinate → malate → oxaloacetate), the glyoxylate cycle marked by the dashed line (oxaloacetate → isocitrate → glyoxylate → malate → oxaloacetate), and the methylcitrate cycle marked by the dash-dotted line (oxaloacetate → methylcitrate → methylisocitrate → succinate → malate → oxaloacetate). 3-NP inhibits the enzymes that catalyze the reactions involved in converting isocitrate and methylisocitrate to succinate. CoA = coenzyme A.