Fig. 3

The dynamic control of Shh and Ihh. a The black curve shows the steady state of Shh for different levels of TGF-β. The level of IL-1 is set high (IL-1 = 1) to mimic a cell in the late stage of HP infection. The red curve shows the temporal change of TGF-β and Shh from Fig. 2c. b In response to the changes of both TGF-β and IL-1, the thresholds divide the TGF- β and IL-1 plane into three regions with inactivated Shh, activated Shh, and bistability. c Temporal simulations of Gastrin (blue), Wnt (red), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh, black) following HP infection. d The black curve shows the steady state of Ihh as a function of the level of Gastrin. The red trajectory records the temporal changes of Ihh and Gastrin from (c)