Fig. 3

Using experimental data to validate the model and predict energy costs. a The lipid composition of 10,000 simulations of the enhanced model achieved with random sampling are presented for each specific lipid species (blue circles), compared to the actual measured experimental values (red bars). b Principal component analysis of all (log transformed) lipid abundance distributions for both the permissive (yellow) and enhanced (blue) models, compared to experimental values (red). Different tonalities of yellow and blue indicate the 8 different simulated conditions and strains. c Carbon costs (continuous lines) and ATP costs (segmented lines) of satisfying the acyl chain distribution at four increasing levels of temperature (30, 33, 36 and 38 °C), NaCl concentrations (0, 200, 400 and 600 mM) and EtOH concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 60 g/L)