| Female/male | Animal | Reference |
---|
PEMT | 2-2.3 | Mouse, human hepatocytes | [68] |
BHMT | 0.54-0.6 | Mice | [69] |
MTHFR | 0.37-0.93 | Mice | [4] |
MS | 1.32-1.38 | Mice | [4] |
SHMT | 1.89-2.44 | Mice | [4] |
Choline | 1.44-2.75 | Rats | [5] |
Betaine | 1.29-2.89 | Rats and mice | [4, 5] |
SphMy | 1.18-1.3 | Mice | [4] |
SAM | 0.82-1 | Human, whole blood | [6] |
Hcy | 0.6-0.89 | Humans | *, [4, 70–73] |
- The enzymes PEMT, BHMT, MTHFR, MS, and SHMT are up- or down-regulated in females. The concentrations of choline, betaine, sphingomyelin, SAM, and Hcy are higher or lower in females as indicated. The ranges for the ratios come from the cited literature. * indicates data from the NHANES 2005-2006 survey: wwwn.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/