Figure 5
From: Bridging the gap between gene expression and metabolic phenotype via kinetic models
Antimicrobial effect of weak organic acids (WOAs) and resistance mechanisms of S. cerevisiae . At low extracellular pH, WOAs are mainly in their undissociated form, which can diffuse through the cellular membrane. The WOAs dissociate in the cytosol and the cell responds by upregulating transporter proteins, such as Pma1 and Pdr12, to secrete protons and carboxylate anions (XCOO-), respectively, to avoid toxicity.