Table 1 Net uptake and milk component output of the mammary gland in three treatments

v ₂

Glucose input ⁽¹⁾

v ₉₅

Glycerol input

v ₉₆

Acetate input

v ₉₇

BHBA input ⁽²⁾

v ₉₈

Lactate input

v ₆₂

3C(n:m)-acycoA+glycerol-

3P →triglyceride ⁽³⁾ output ⁽⁴⁾

Fatty acid output (synthezized) ⁽⁵⁾

v ₁₀₀

C(4:0)

v ₁₀₁

C(6:0)

v ₁₀₂

C(8:0)

v ₁₀₃

C(10:0)

v ₁₀₄

C(12:0)

v ₁₀₅

C(14:0)

v ₁₀₆

C(16:0)

v ₉₉

Lactose output

Amino acids balance ⁽⁶⁾ i.e. entry or output

v ₁₂₈

Alanine input

Alanine catabolism

v ₁₂₁

Alanine output

Alanine synthesis

v ₁₁₉

Arginine input

Arginine catabolism

v ₁₃₄

Asparagine output

Asparagine synthesis

v ₁₂₅

Aspartate output

Aspartate synthesis

v ₁₂₂

Glutamate output

Glutamate synthesis

v ₁₃₁

Clutamine input

Glutamine catabolism

v ₁₂₀

Glycine output

Glycine synthesis

v ₁₂₄

Proline output

Proline synthesis

v ₁₃₆

Serine output ⁽⁷⁾

Serine synthesis - Serine

used in other pathways

v ₁₁₈

Histidine input

Histidine catabolism

v ₁₁₃

Isoleucine input

Isoleucine catabolism

v ₁₁₄

Leucine input

Leucine catabolism

v ₁₀₈

Lysine input

Lysine catabolism

v ₁₁₁

Threonine input

Threonine catabolism

v ₁₁₅

Valine input

Valine catabolism

v ₁₀₇

Peptide output ⁽⁸⁾

Additional constraints

v ₈₂

NADPH through ICDH pathways ⁽⁹⁾

$v_{58}=\frac{0.7}{0.3}{v}_{82}$

NADPH through Pentose Phosphate ⁽⁹⁾

v ₅₆=3v ₆₂

C(n:m) →C(n:m)-acylCoA

FA primer from Acetate ⁽¹⁰⁾

v ₅₃

C(4:0)

v ₅₄=v ₉₀

C(6:0)

v ₅₅=v ₉₁

C(8:0)

v ₅₁=v ₅₂

C(10:0)

v ₈₆=v ₉₂

C(12:0)

v ₈₇=v ₉₃

C(14:0)

v ₈₈=v ₉₄

C(16:0)

Other constraints ⁽¹¹⁾

v ₂₄

Lactate →Pyruvate

v ₄₄

Alanine catabolism

v ₇₆

Alanine synthesis

v ₈₃

Asparagine synthesis

v ₄₀

Histidine catabolism

v ₃₆

Leucine catabolism

v ₃₃

Threonine catabolism